- Thadani, A. N.; Huang, Y.; Rawal, V.H., "Expedient, high-yielding synthesis of silyl-substituted salen ligands,"
Org. Lett.,
2007, 9 (20),3873-3876.
- Hutson, G. E.; Dave, A. H.; Rawal, V.H., "Highly enantioselective carbonyl-ene reactions catalyzed by a hindered silyl-salen-cobalt complex,"
Org. Lett.,
2007, 9 (20),3869-3872.
- Jewett, J. C.; Rawal, V.H., "Total Synthesis of Pederin,"
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,
2007, 46 (34), 6502-6504.
- Zhong, H. M.; Sohn, J.-H.; Rawal, V. H. "Studies toward the asymmetric synthesis of the right part of the mycalamides," J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72 (2), 386-397.
- Iwama, T.; Rawal, V. H. "Palladium-catalyzed regiocontrolled alpha-arylation of trimethylsilyl enol ethers with aryl halides," Org. Lett., 2006, 8 (25), 5725-5728.
- Johnson, P. D.; Sohn, J.-H.; Rawal, V. H., "Synthesis of C-15 vindoline analogues by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions," J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71 (20), 7899-7902.
- McGilvra, J.; Unni, A.; Modi, K.; Rawal, V. H., "Highly Diastereo- and Enantioselective Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Hydrogen Bonding,"
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,
2006,
45 (37), 6130-6133.
- Huang, Q.; Rawal, V. H., "Total Synthesis of (±)-Bipinnatin J,"
Org. Lett.,
2006, 8 (3), 543-545.
pdf
- Sohn, J.-H.; Waizumi, N.; Rawal, V. H., "Total Synthesis of Mycalamide A,"
J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2005,
127 (20), 7290-7291. pdf
- Gondi, V. B.; Gravel, M.; Rawal, V. H., "Hydrogen Bond Catalyzed Enantioselective Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction,"
Org. Lett.,
2005,
7 (25), 5657-5660. pdf
- Smith, N. D.; Hayashida, J.; Rawal, V. H., "Facile Synthesis of the Indeno-Tetrahydropyridine Core of Haouamine A,"
Org. Lett.,
2005,
7 (20), 4309-4312. pdf
- MacKay, J. A.; Bishop, R. L.; Rawal, V. H., "Rapid Synthesis of the N-Methylwelwitindolinone Skeleton,"
Org. Lett.,
2005,
7 (16), 3421-3424. pdf
- Unni, A. K.; Takenaka, N.; Yamamoto, H.; Rawal, V. H., "Axially
Chiral Biaryl Diols Catalyze Highly Enantioselective
Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions through Hydrogen Bonding,"
J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2005,
127, 1336-1337. pdf
- Santos, L. S.; Pilli, R. A.; Rawal, V. H., " Enantioselective
Total Syntheses of (+)-Arborescidine A, (-)-Arborescidine B, and
(-)-Arborescidine C,"
J. Org. Chem.,
2004,
69, 1283-1289. pdf
- Thadani, A. N.; Stankovic, A. R., Rawal, V. H. " Enantioselective
Diels-Alder Reactions Catalyzed by Hydrogen Bonding,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ,
2004,
101, 5846-5850.
- Xhu, X.; Lambertino, A. T.; Houghton, T. J.; McGilvra, J. D.;
Xu, C.; Rawal, V. H.; Leff, A. R., " Structural determinants of
blockade of eosinophil activation, adhesion and secretion by
synthetic analogs of phomactin,"
Life Sciences,
2003,
73 (23), 3005-3016.
- Waizumi, N.; Stankovic, A. R.; Rawal,
V. H. "A General Strategy to Elisabethae Diterpenes: Stereocontrolled
Synthesis of Elisapterosin B via Oxidative Cyclization of
an Elisabethin
Precursor,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2003,
125 (43), 13022-13023. pdf
- Huang, Y.; Unni, A. K.; Thadani, A.
N.; Rawal, V. H. "Hydrogen Bonding by a Chiral Alcohol to an Aldehyde
Catalyzes Highly Enantioselective Reactions,"
Nature,
2003,
424, 146.
- Reddy, T. J.; Iwama, T.; Halpern, H.
J.; Rawal, V. H. "General Synthesis of Persistent Trityl Radicals for
EPR Imaging of Biological Systems,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry
2002,
67, 4635-4639. pdf
- Huang, Y.; Rawal, V. H. "Hydrogen-Bond-Promoted
Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of Unactivated Ketones,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
2002,
124, 9662-9663. pdf
- Thadani, A. N.; Rawal, V. H. "Multifunctional
Palladium Catalysis. 2. Tandem Haloallylation Followed by
Wacker-Tsuji
Oxidation or Sonogashira Cross-Coupling,"
Organic Letters,
2002,
4, 4321-4323. pdf
- Thadani, A. N.; Rawal, V. H. "Stereospecific
Synthesis of Highly Substituted Skipped Dienes through
Multifunctional
Palladium Catalysis,"
Organic Letters,
2002,
4, 4317-4320. pdf
- Takenaka, N.; Huang, Y.; Rawal, V. H.
"The First Catalytic Enantioselective Diels-Alder Reactions
of 1,2-Dihydropyridine:
Efficient Syntheses of Optically Active
2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]Octanes with
Chiral Binam Derived Cr(III) Salen Complexes,"
Tetrahedron,
2002,
58, 8299-8305.
- Huang, Y.; Iwama, T.; Rawal, V. H. "Design
and Development of Highly Effective Lewis Acid Catalysts
for Enantioselective
Diels-Alder Reactions,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
2002,
122, 5950-5951. pdf
- Kozmin, S. A.; Iwama, T.; Huang, Y.;
Rawal, V. H. "An Efficient Approach to Aspidosperma
Alkaloids via [4+2]
Cycloadditions of Aminosiloxydienes: Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis
of (+/-)-Tabersonine. Gram-Scale Catalytic Asymmetric
Syntheses of (+)-Tabersonine
and (+)-16-Methoxytabersonine. Asymmetric Syntheses of
(+)-Aspidospermidine
and (-)- Quebrachamine,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
2002,
124, 4628-4641. pdf
- Huang, Y.; Iwama, T.; Rawal, V. H. "Broadly
Effective Enantioselective Diels-Alder Reactions of 1-
Amino-Substituted-1,3-Butadienes,"
Organic Letters,
2002,
4, 1163-1166. pdf
- Houghton, T. J.; Choi, S.; Rawal, V.
H. "Efficient Assembly of the Phomactin Core via Two
Different Macrocyclization
Protocols,"
Organic Letters,
2001,
3, 3615-3617. pdf
- Huang, Y.; Rawal, V. H. "Hetero Diels-Alder
Reactions of 1-Amino-3-Siloxy-1,3-Butadienes under Strictly Thermal
Conditions,"
Organic Letters,
2000,
2, 3321-3323. pdf
- Kozmin, S. A.; He, S.; Rawal, V. H.
"[4+2] Cycloaddition of
1-Dimethylaminio-3-tert-butyldimethyl-siloxy-1,3-butadiene
with Methyl Acrylate: 4-Hydroxymethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one,"
Organic Syntheses,
2000,
78, 160-168.
- Kozmin, S. A.; He, S.; Rawal, V. H.
"Preparation of
(E)-1-Dimethylaminio-3-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene,"
Organic Syntheses,
2000,
78, 152-159.
- Janey, J. M.; Iwama, T., Kozmin, S.
A.; Rawal, V. H. "Racemic and Asymmetric Diels-Alder
Reactions of 1-(2-Oxazolidinon-3-yl)-3-siloxy-1,3-butadienes,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
2000,
65, 9059-9068. pdf
- Huang, Y.; Iwama, T.; Rawal, V. H. "Highly
Enantioselective Diels-Alder Reactions of 1-Amino-3-
Siloxy-Dienes Catalyzed
by Cr(III)-Salen Complexes,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
2000,
122, 7843-7844. pdf
- Reddy, T. J.; Rawal, V. H. "Expeditious
Syntheses of (+/-)-5-Oxosilphiperfol-6-ene and (+/-
)-Silphiperfol-6-Ene,"
Organic Letters,
2000,
2, 2711-2712. pdf
- He, S. W.; Kozmin, S. A.; Rawal, V.
H. "Highly Diastereoselective Asymmetric Thio-Claisen
Rearrangements,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
2000,
122, 190-191. pdf
- Dorr, H.; Rawal, V. H. "The Intramolecular
Diels-Alder Reactions of Photochemically Generated
Trans-Cycloalkenones,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
1999,
121, 10229-10230. pdf
- Hennings, D. D.; Iwama, T.; Rawal, V.
H. "Palladium-Catalyzed (Ullmann-Type) Homocoupling of Aryl Halides:
A Convenient And General Synthesis of Symmetrical Biaryls Via Inter-
And Intramolecular Coupling Reactions,"
Organic Letters,
1999,
1, 1205-1208. pdf
- Iwama, T.; Birman, V. B.; Kozmin, S.
A.; Rawal, V. H. "Regiocontrolled Synthesis of
Carbocycle-Fused Indoles
Via Arylation of Silyl Enol Ethers With O-Nitrophenylphenyliodonium
Fluoride,"
Organic Letters,
1999,
1, 673-676. pdf
- Kozmin, S.A.; Rawal, V. H. "Chiral Amino
Siloxy Dienes in the Diels-Alder Reaction: Applications to
the Asymmetric
Synthesis of 4-Substituted and 4,5-Disubstituted Cyclohexenones, and
the Total Synthesis of (-)-a-Elemene,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society ,
1999,
121, 9562-9573. pdf
- Kozmin, S. A.; Green, M. T.; Rawal,
V. H. "On the Reactivity of 1-Amino-3-Siloxy-1,3-Dienes:
Kinetics Investigation
and Theoretical Interpretation,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1999,
64, 8045-8047. pdf
- Kozmin, S. A.; Janey, J. M.; Rawal,
V. H. "1-Amino-3-Siloxy-1,3-Butadienes: Highly Reactive
Dienes for the
Diels-Alder Reaction,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1999,
64, 3039-3052. pdf
- Kozmin, S.A.; Rawal, V. H. "A General
Strategy to the Aspidosperma Alkaloids: Efficient, Stereocontrolled
Synthesis of Tabersonine,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
1998,
120, 13523-13524. pdf
- Birman, V. B.; Rawal, V.H. "A General,
Stereocontrolled Route to the Geissoschizine Family of Alkaloids. A
Concise Synthesis of the Apogeissoschizine Skeleton,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1998,
63, 9146-9147. pdf
- Krishnamurthy, V.; Rawal, V. H. "Novel
Routes to Angular and Linear Triquinanes via Radical Induced Epoxide
Fragmentation-H-Abstraction-Cyclization Cascades,"
Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society,
1998,
9, 341-344.
- Birman, V. B.; Rawal, V. H. "A Novel
Route to the Geissoschizine Skeleton: The Influence of Ligands on the
Diastereoselectivity of the Heck Cyclization,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1998,
39, 7219-7222.
- Dvorak, C.A.; Dufour, C.; Iwasa, S.;
Rawal, V. H. "Rapid Synthesis of Di- and Triquinanes by
Direct Reductive
Fragmentation of Paterno-Büchi Derived Oxetanes,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1998,
63, 5302-5303. pdf
- Dvorak, C. A.; Rawal, V. H. "Catalysis
of Benzoin Condensation by Conformationally-Restricted
Chiral Bicyclic
Thiazolium Salts,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1998,
39, 2925-2928.
- Yotsu-Yamashita, M.; Yasumoto, T.; Rawal,
V. H. "Syntheses and Confirmation of the Structures of
Polonicumtoxins
A, B, and C,"
Heterocycles,
1998,
48, 79-93.
- Dvorak, C. A.; Rawal, V. H. "Synthesis
of the Naturally Occurring [3.3.3]Propellane
(+/-)-Modhephene Featuring
a Photoaddition-Reductive Fragmentation Diquinane Construction,"
Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications,
1997, 2381-2382.
- Hennings, D. D.; Iwasa, S.; Rawal, V.
H. "Anion-Accelerated Palladium-Mediated Intramolecular Cyclizations:
Synthesis of Benzofurans, Indoles, and a Benzopyran,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1997,
38, 6379-6382.
- Chambournier, G.; Krishnamurthy. V.;
Rawal, V. H. "Radical Induced Cyclopropane
Fragmentation-H-Abstraction-Cyclization
Cascade: Synthesis of Carbocyclic Systems Containing
Bridgehead Methyl
Groups,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1997,
38, 6313-6316.
- Kozmin, S.; Rawal, V. H. "Asymmetric
Diels-Alder Reaction Employing Chiral
1-Amino-3-siloxy-1,3-butadienes:
Application to Enantioselective Synthesis of (-)-a-Elemene,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
1997,
119, 7165-7166. pdf
- Kozmin, S.; Rawal, V. H. "Preparation
and Diels-Alder Reactivity of 1-Amino-3-siloxy-1,3-butadienes,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1997,
62, 5252-5253. pdf
- Krishnamurthy. V.; Rawal, V. H. "Kinetics
of the Oxiranylcarbinyl Radical Rearrangement,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1997,
62, 1572-1573. pdf
- Michoud, C.; Iwasa, S.; Rawal, V. H.
"General Strategy for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of
Strychnos Alkaloids,"
in New Horizons in Organic Synthesis; Nair, V.,
Kumar, S., Eds.; New Age Int'l. 1997.
- Hennings, D. D.; Iwasa, S.; Rawal, V.
H. "Anion-Accelerated Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Coupling of
Phenols with Aryl Halides,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1997,
62, 2-3. pdf
- Dufour, C.; Iwasa, S.; Fabre, A.; Rawal,
V. H. "Unexpected Fragmentations Leading to Quinanes and Hydrindanes
Mediated by a Silyl Radical,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1996,
37, 7867-7870.
- Rawal, V. H.; Eschbach, A.; Dufour,
C.; Iwasa, S. "Photocycloaddition-Fragmentation Route to
Di- and Triquinanes:
Stereocontrolled Asymmetric Synthesis of (-)-Isocomene,"
IUPAC Pure and Applied Chemistry,
1996,
68, 675-678.
- Monestel, R. M.; Rawal, V. H. "Bis(Diethylaluminum)
sulfate," Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic
Synthesis, Wiley: New
York, 1995, vol. 1, 488-489.
- Michoud, C.; Rawal, V. H. "(Maleic
anhydride)bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium,"
Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis,
Wiley: New York, 1995, vol.. 5, 3210-3211.
- Singh, S. P.; Krishnamurthy, V.; Rawal,
V. H. "Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(II)-Tin(II)Chloride,"
Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis,
Wiley: New York, 1995, vol. 3, 1684-1685.
- Johnson, C. R.; Dufour, C.; Rawal, V.
H. "S,S-Dimethyl-N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)sulfoximine,"
Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Wiley: New
York, 1995, vol. 3, 2180-2181.
- Zhong, H. M.; Rawal, V. H. "1,3-Pentadiene,"
Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Wiley: New
York, 1995, vol. 6, 3916-3919.
- Rawal, V. H.; Florjancic, A. S.; Fabr}, A. "Alumina,"
Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Wiley:
New York, 1995, vol. 1,141-144.
- Rawal, V. H.; Fabr}, A.; Iwasa, S. "Photocycloaddition-Fragmentation
Route to Linear Triquinanes: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of
endo-Hirsutene,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1995,
36, 6851-6854.
- Rawal, V. H.; Dufour, C.; Iwasa, S.
"Photocycloaddition-Fragmentation Route to Quinanes:
Alternate Fragmentation
Pathways,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1995,
36, 19-22.
- Rawal, V. H.; Florjancic, A. S.; Singh,
S. P. "A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Axially Chiral
Biaryl Compounds,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1994,
35, 8985-8988.
- Rawal, V. H.; Dufour, C.; Eschbach,
A. "Synthesis of Isocomene by a Novel Photocyclization-Fragmentation
Strategy,"
Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications,
1994, 1797-1798.
- Rawal, V. H.; Zhong, H. M. "One-Step
Conversion of Esters to Acyl Azides Using Diethylaluminum Azide,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1994,
35, 4947-4950.
- Rawal, V. H.; Iwasa, S. "A Short, Stereocontrolled
Synthesis of Strychnine,"
The Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1994,
59, 2685-2686.
- Rawal, V. H.; Dufour, C. "A General
Strategy for Increasing Molecular Complexity:
Photocycloaddition-Fragmentation
Route to Functionalized Di- and Triquinanes,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
1994,
116, 2613-2614.
- Rawal, V. H.; Singh, S. P.; Dufour,
C.; Michoud, C. "The Scope of Alkoxymethyl Radical Cyclizations,"
The Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1993,
58, 7718-7727.
- Rawal, V. H.; Michoud, C. "An Unusual
Heck Reaction Proceeding with Inversion of Olefin Geometry:
The Effect
of Intramolecular Chelation of the s-Palladium Intermediate,"
Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1993,
58, 5583-5584.
- Fitzgerald, L. J.; Gerkin, R. E.; Wei,
G. P.; Rawal, V. H. "Structure of Diphenanthro[1,2-b:2',1'-d] furan
at 191 K,"
Acta Crystallographica,
1993,
C49, 1949-1952.
- Rawal, V. H.; Zhong, H. M. "Radical
Induced Epoxide Chemistry-Part V: Formation of Medium-Sized Rings via
b-Scission of Alkoxy Radicals,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1993,
34, 5197-5200.
- Rawal, V. H.; Krishnamurthy, V.; Fabr},
A. "Radical-Induced Epoxide Fragmentation Chemistry. n-Bu3SnĄ Radical
Catalyzed Isomerization of Epoxyketones to Carbocycles,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1993,
34, 2899-2902.
- Rawal, V. H.; Michoud, C.; Monestel,
R. "General Strategy for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Strychnos
Alkaloids: A Concise Synthesis of (±)-Dehydrotubifoline,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
1993,
115, 3030-3031.
- Rawal, V. H.; Iwasa, S. "Radical-Induced
Epoxide Fragmentation Chemistry. Atom Transfer Cyclization
of Iodoepoxides
to Cyclopentanols,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1992,
33, 4687-4690.
- Rawal, V. H.; Krishnamurthy, V. "Phenylthio
Radical Catalyzed Rearrangement of Acetoxyalkenyl Epoxides
to Acetoxyalkenyl
Cyclopentanols,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1992,
33, 3439-3442.
- Fitzgerald, L. J.; Gallucci, J. C.;
Gerkin, R. E.; Rawal, V. H. "Structure of
4-Dibenzofurancarboxaldehyde,
C13H8O2,"
Acta Crystallographica,
1991,
C47, 2134.
- Rawal, V. H.; Singh, S. P.; Dufour,
C.; Michoud, C. "Cyclization of Alkoxymethyl Radicals,"
The Journal of Organic Chemistry ,
1991,
56, 5245-5147.
- Rawal, V. H.; Michoud, C. "A General
Solution to the Synthesis of 2-Azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Unit
of Strychnos
Alkaloids,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1991,
32, 1695-1698.
- Rawal, V. H.; Newton, R. C.; Krishnamurthy,
V. "Synthesis of Carbocyclic Systems via Radical-Induced
Epoxide Fragmentation,"
The Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1990,
55, 5181-5183.
- Rawal, V. H.; Jones, R. J.; Cava, M.
P. "Review of Synthetic Studies toward CC-1065, PDE-I and
PDE-II," Heterocycles,
1987,
25, 701.
- Rawal, V. H.; Jones, R. J.; Cava, M.
P. "Photocyclization Strategy for Synthesis of Antitumor
Agent CC-1065:
Synthesis of Dideoxy Analogs of PDE-I and PDE-II. Synthesis
of Thiophene
and Furan Analogs of Dideoxy PDE-I and PDE-II,"
The Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1987,
52, 19.
- Rawal, V. H.; Cava, M. P. "Photocyclization
Strategy for Synthesis of Antitumor Agent CC-1065: Synthesis of PDE-I
and PDE-II,"
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
1986,
108, 2110.
- Rawal, V. H.; Cava, M. P. "Thermolytic
Removal of t-Butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) Protecting Group on Indoles and
Pyrroles,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1985,
26, 6141.
- Rawal, V. H.; Rao, J. A.; Cava, M. P.
"A Convenient Synthesis of t-Butyldimethylsilyl Protected
Cyanohydrins,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1985,
26, 4275.
- Rawal, V. H.; Jones, R. J.; Cava, M.
P. "Palladium Mediated Dehydrogenation in the Photochemical
Cyclization
of Heterocyclic Analogs of Stilbene,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1985,
26, 2423.
- Rawal, V. H.; Cava, M. P. "Photocyclizations
of Pyrrole Analogs of Stilbene: an Expedient Approach to
Antitumor Agent
CC-1065,"
Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications,
1984, 1526.
- Rawal, V. H.; Akiba, M.; Cava, M. P.
"a-Methoxythioanisole. Further Uses as an Umpolung Reagent,"
Synthetic Communications,
1984,
14, 1129.
- Adesomoju, A. A.; Rawal, V. H.; Lakshmikantham,
M. V.; Cava, M. P. "Cimilophytine, a New Bisindole Alkaloid
from Haplophyton
cimicidum (Apocynacae),"
The Journal of Organic Chemistry,
1983,
48, 3015.
- Rawal, V. H.; Cava, M. P. "Synthesis
of Scillascillin, A Naturally Occurring Benzocyclobutene,"
Tetrahedron Letters,
1983,
24, 5581.
- Epling, G. A.; Black, C.; Rawal, V.
H. "Photochemistry in Micelles as a Model for the in vivo
Phototoxicity
of Chlorpromazine,"
Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions II,
1983, 1313.
- Rademacher, C. M.; Rawal, V. H. "Synthesis
and Photochromic Properties of Novel Dithienylethene-Based
Crown Ethers,"
Work completed; manuscript in preparation.
- Rawal, V. H.; Zhong, H. M. "Stereoselective
Synthesis of the Trioxadecalin Skeleton of the
Mycalamides," Work completed;
manuscript in preparation.
- Iwama, T.; Rawal, V. H. "Palladium Catalyzed
Arylation of Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers with Aryl Halides,"
Work completed;
manuscript in preparation.
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